Useful writing structures for GCSE Examination

 last time I met him was two weeks ago. ž I .
 5. I have never heard such a beatiful song before. ž This is .. 
11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ.
Khi các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer  ) được đặt ở đầu câu. ž Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ.
Examples: : 1. I seldom come there at night. žSeldom do I come there at night . 
 2. People didn’t discover Aids until 1981. žNot until 1981 did people discover Aids.
 ž It was not until 1981 that people discovered Aids.
 3. We have never seen such a wonderful sight before.
 žNever have we seen such a wonderful sight before.
 4. She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work.
 žNot until her father got home from work had she gone to bed.
12. Active and passive voice : Câu chủ động D Câu bị động
Tenses
 Active D
Passive
1. Simple present 
2. Simple past
 S1 + V1(s/es) + O
 S1 + V1(cột 2 / ed) + O
 S2 + am / is / are + V1(pp)
 S2 + was / were + V1(pp)
3. Present continuous
4. Past continuous
 S1 + AM / IS / ARE + V1-ing
 S1 + WAS / WERE + V1-ing
 S2+Am/Is/Are + Being +V1(pp)
 S2+Was/Were + Being +V1(pp)
5. Present / past perfect
 S1 + HAS / HAVE + V1(pp)
 HAD
 S2+ Has / Have + Been+ V1(pp)
 Had
6. Modal verbs
 S1 + MODAL + V (bare inf)
 S2 + MODAL + Be +V1 (pp)
Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to 
* Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody
Khi đổi sang câu bị động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody.thì bỏ đi.
* Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là nobody , no one , nothing  khi đổi sang câu bị động thì chuyển động từ (be) chia theo “S” mới và thì ở phủ định rồi chuyển V1 thành V+ ed / pp.
* Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
* By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bị động . 
* Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó .
* Nếu tân ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything  khi đổi sang câu bị động phải chuyển thành S => nobody , no one , nothing  và chuyển động từ sang thể ngược lại.
*** Câu bị động đặc biệt : 
 1. Câu bị động với think/believe/say:
 CĐ: S1 (People,They,..)+ V1 (say/think/believe) that + clause (S2 + V 2(chia) + . )
ó BĐ: S2+ is/am/are+ said/thought/believed+to V2
 To have + PII (nếu V2 lùi 1 thì so với V 1)
 It+ is/am/are+ said/thought/believed that+ clause 
 To be ở câu bị động được chia theo thì của V1 trong câu chủ động 
Ex: People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
 =>13 is believed to be an unlucky number. =>It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number.
 They thought that Mai had gone away. =>Mai was thought to have gone away.
 =>It was thought that Mai had gone away.
2. Câu bị động với “have”:
 CĐ: S+ have/has/had sb do st ó BĐ: S+have/has/had st done (by sb)
 Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. =>I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
3. Câu bị động với “get”:
 CĐ: S+ get/gets/got sb to do st ó BĐ: S+ get/gets/got st done (by sb) ...
 Ex: I got him to repair my car last week. => I got my car repaired last week.
 4. Câu bị động với “make”:
 CĐ: S+ make/made sb do st  ó BĐ: (sb)+ is / are / was / were made to do st 
 Ex: The step mother made Littele Pea do the chores all day. 
 => Littele Pea was made to do the chores all day.
 5. Need:
 CĐ: S + need (chia) to do st ó BĐ: (st) + need (chia) to be done ó (st) + (need) doing. 
 Ex: You need to cut your hair. =>Your hair needs to be cut. => Your hair needs cutting.
Examples: 1. People speak Enghish all over the world. ž Enghish is spoken all over the world.
 2. Is she making a new dress for her mother? ž Is a new dress being made for her mother?
 3. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures. 
 ž The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys .
 4. You must clean the wall before you paint it. ž The wall must be cleaned before it is painted .
 5. He can’t see anything. ž Nothing can be seen ( by him ) .
 6. John gave me a present. ž I was given a present by John .
 ž A present was given for me by John. 
 7. Alice saw Ann last week. ž Ann was seen by Alice last week.
 8. Mr Smith found the boy in the park. ž The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith.
 9. Smoke filled the room	 ž The room was filled with smoke .
 10. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. ž I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday.
 11. I get her to make some coffee.	 ž I get some coffee made ( by her )
13. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề quan hệ
*** Who: used for people (Subject) Ì Who + Verb
*** Whom: used for people (Object / him, her, them, you, us, me) Ì whom + S + Verb / Clause.
*** Whose: used to show possession (his, her, their, your, our, my) Ì whose + Noun 
*** Which: used for things (Subject / Object) Ì which + (S) + Verb / Clause. 
*** Where: used to modify a place Ì At / In / On + which / there / here.
*** When: used to modify a noun of time Ì At / In / On + which / then
*** Why: used to introduce a reason Ì the reason, for the reason 
Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them , Any of them 
 Ä Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of  + which / whom
 2. Chỉ sử dụng whom or which sau các giới từ.
 3. Không được dùng that trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.(có dấu phẩy)
 4. Phải dùng that trong mệnh đề quan hệ có tiền danh từ là một hỗn hợp cả người và vật.
Examples: 1. I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.
 ž I don’t know the reason ( for which ) . she left school .
 2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.
 ž This is the house ( in which) . we often stay in the summer .
 3. Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.
 ž Can you arrange the time ( at which ) . we can have another discussion ?
 4. The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.
 ž The man . opinion I respect most is my father .
 5. The taxi driver is friendly . He took me to yhe airport.
 ž The taxi driver . took me to the airport is friendly .
 6. Mary and Margaret are twins . You met them yesterday. 
 ž Mary and Margaret , . you met yesterday , are twins .
 7. I look at the moon . It was very bright that evening.
 ž I look at the moon . was very bright that evening .
 8. That is the man to . I spoke this morning. 
14. Conditional clauses: If clauses Main clauses 
*** Real condition : Có thật / có thể xảy ra ở tương lai
 If + S + V(s/es) / am, is, are, S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V (bare inf)
*** Present unreal condition: Không thật ở hiện tại. / Trái thực tế.
 If + S + V (2/ed) / were (not), S + would/could/should/might (not) + V (bare inf)
 Didn’t + V(bare inf)
*** Past unreal condition: Không thật ở quá khứ 
 If + S + had (not) + V (3/ed), S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V (3/ed) 
Notes : 1. Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V3/ed) , ta có thể đảo ngữ và bỏ “IF”.
 2. Unless = If  not : If clauses ž Unless
 Thể phủ định ž khẳng định ( mệnh đề chính không đổi )
 Thể khẳng định ž khẳng định (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang thể ngược lại) 
 3. V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause ž If + Clause ( phủ định ) , Clause
 Clause + by + V-ing ž If + Clause ( khẳng định ) , Clause
 Without + N / N phrase ,Clause ž If there (be) not + N / N phrase ,Clause
 4. Cấu trúc BUT FOR. Nó thay thế cho cấu trúc " If ....not". Dạng này thường sử dụng trong văn phong lịch sự.
 Form:But for + Noun, S + .
 Ex: If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble.
 => But for your help, we would have been in trouble.
Examples: 1. If you had learnt / learned hard, you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year.
 ž Had you learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year .
 2. If she does not water these trees, they will die.
 ž Unless she waters these trees , they will die .
 3. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.
 ž Unless we had more rain , our crops would not grow faster.
 4. Be calm, or you will make a wrong decision. 
 ž If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision.
 5. Without the sun, man would live in the darkness.
 ž If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.
15. Special verbs 
*** have/ get / make: 
to have sb do st ó to get sb to do st ó to have / get st done
Examples: 1. Mary had John wash the car. ó Mary got John to wash the car. 
 2. Mary got the car washed. ó Mary had the car washed.
*** Buộc ai phải làm gì:
to make sb do st ó to force sb to do st
Ex: The robber forced the teller to give him the money. ó The robber made the teller give him the money.
to make sb do st ó to cause st +P2
Ex: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
*** Let. 
let sb do st ó to allow / permit sb to do st 
Ex: John let his daughter swim with her friends. ó John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early. / The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend. / We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
PRACTICAL REWRITING EXERCISES 
I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. 
1. Mr. Holton only operated because he knew the rumour was malignant 
® Mr. Holton wouldn't..............................................................................................................
2. All that stood between John and a gold medal was Jim's greater speed
® But for .................................................................................................................................
3. Immediately after their arrival, things went wrong.
® No sooner.
4. He was so tired that he fell asleep before the end of the film
® He was too.............................................................................................................................
5. Hearing that an earthquake had occurred was a great shock to us.
® We were ..............................................................................................................................
6. The decorators have finished our first floor.
® We have .............................................................................................................................
7. Her hobby is one thing that she does not intend to give up.
® She has ...............................................................................................................................
8. That is the best meal I have ever eaten. 
® I have never ............................. ............................... ............................... ...........................
9. Home computers used to be much more expensive.
® Home computers aren’t................... ............................... ............................... ...................
10. It was a mistake of mine to park outside the police station.
® I shouldn’t................... ......................................................................................................
11. She knows a lot more about it than I do.
® I don't know ....................
12. Let's go abroad for our holiday this year.
® Why ................................
13. During dinner, the phone rang.
® While I ...........................
14. Your hair needs cutting.
® It's time you ...................
15. If you run a lot, you'll become healthy.
® The ................................
16. They regret ever doing business with him.
® They wish  
17. We didn’t finish the work because of his carelessness.
 ® If .
18. If you followed my advice, you’d be successful.
® Were .
19. He left without saying a single word, which is very impolite.
®. It was impolite ...
20. Working for this travel agency will not be possible without a good command of English.
® Unless .
21. I simply fail to understand some of my friends’ attitudes to work.
® I have some friends 
22. He didn't study his lessons very carefully, so he gets bad marks now.
® If he .....
23. Although Judy was severely disabled, she took part in many sports
® Despite .
24. The film was so interesting that I couldn’t go to bed.
® It was such ..
25. “Why didn’t you go to the club last night?” the girl said to Jim. 
 ® The girl asked .. 
26. The keepers feed the lions at 3 pm every day.
 ® The lions 	
27. We got lost because we didn't have a map.
 ® If we 	
28. I would prefer you to deliver the sofa on Friday.
 ® I would rather	
29. The bridge was so low that the bus couldn't go under it.
 ® It was 	
30. That was a silly thing to say.
 ® What 	 
31. We've run out of tea.
 ® There	
32. I last saw him when I was a student.
 ® I haven't 	
33. Susan was too excited to sleep.
 ® Susan was 	
34. Robert has not had a job for two years.
 ® Robert has been 	
35. She will complete the work only she is paid extra. 
 ® She will not ......................................................................................................................................
36. I am sorry I don’t have time to come and help you with your homework.
 I wish ____________________________________________________________.
37. Let’s visit the museum this afternoon.. 
 Why don’t _________________________________________________________.
38. The school keeper cleans the classrooms every day.
 The classrooms ____________________________________________________.
39. “Why don’t we go out for a while?” 
 He suggested _____________________________________________________.
40. He forgot his umbrella, so he got wet.
 He got ___________________________________________________________.
41. At the weekend I get up later than during the week.
 During the week I __________________________________________________
42. The college where I study is quite near my apartment.
 The college _______________________________________________________
43. Yesterday morning my friend Marco arrived before I finished breakfast.
 Yesterday morning I was ____________________________________________ 
44. Marco told me not to forget my tennis racket.
 Marco said: “ ______________________________________________________.’
45. We play tennis every Wednesday afternoon.
 We play tennis once _________________________________________________
46. That girl ' s mother used to work with mine. 
 That ' s the girl ....................................................................................................................................
47. They think the thief got in through the bathroom window.
 The thief .............................................................................................................................................
48. " I haven ' t got any siblings to play with ." 
 She wishes ..........................................................................................................................................
49. My brother used to smoke. 
 My brother has ..................................................................................................................................
50. Without your help, I shouldn’t ' t have been able to find my way.
 If you ................................................................................................................................................
51. Her step-mother made her do chores all day.
 She ....................................................................................................................................................
52. Did anybody see him come down the lane ?
 Was ....................................................................................................................................................
53. I haven ' t enjoyed myself so much for years. 
 It ' s ....................................................................................................................................................
54. Turn off all the switches before leaving the workshop.
 All the switches .................................................................................................................................
55. Although the traffic was heavy, I arrived on time.
 In spite .............................................................................................................................................
56. The last time Henry smoked a cigarette was in 2005.
® Henry hasn’t.
57. Jack is stopped by the police because he passes the speed limit.
® If ..
58. Bill and Peter are too young to ride motor-cycles.
® Bill and Peter are not..
59. The flood was so high that they had to live on the roofs.
® It was such..
60. This winter is colder than the last winter.
® The last winter
61. People all over the country have helped the poor people in the flood region.
® The poor people
62. It’s cold in the morning, so the children go to school in heavy clothes.
® Because of..
63. David has read a lot of books, however, he cannot find a good solution.
® Although.
64. It isn't necessary to finish the work today.
® You don't ...................................................................................................
65. Hai finally managed to get a job.
® Hai finally succeeded...................................................................................
66. What's the weight of your suitcase? 
® How ...........................................................................................................?
67. I have never read such a romantic story.
® This is ......................................................................................................
68. He has never behaved so violently before.
® He is behaving...........................................................................................
69. I've warned you not to go near that dog.
® I've warned you about................................................................................
70. She can meet him if he arrives before eleven.
® So...............................................................................................................
71. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
® In spite.......................................................................................................
72. I'm sorry that I didn't finish my homework last night.
® I wish........................................................................................................
73. Reading scientific books is one of my interests.
® I'm...............................................................................................................
74. I’ve never seen a girl as beautiful as that girl.
® That is....
75. I don’t have any hats as cheap as this hat.
® This hat is..
76. They are growing many trees in the school garden. 
® Many trees
77. I and Hoa are the same weight.
® I am
78. She isn’t as intelligent as he.
® He is
79. I am not to be disturbed under any circumstances.	
→Under no ..
80.	I’d rather you didn’t go.
→I’d prefer ...
81. She never seems to succeed, even though she works hard.
→However ...
82. A new flu vaccine has been on trial since the beginning of the year.
→They have ..
83. Mary knew what the answer was after reading the book.
→By the time .. 
84. I took little notice of the girl standing at the gate.
→I didn’t ..
85. It was easy for us to find the house.
→We had ..
86. You can leave only when I tell you.
→Until ...
87. The rain in Ha