Tài liệu Ôn tập Văn phạm Tiếng Anh

u chấm phẩy. Sau chúng phải dùng dấu phẩy. Đôi khi HOWEVER củng được đặt giữa câu và được tách khỏi câu bằng hai dấu phẩy.
	NONETHELESS cũng được dùng thay cho HOWEVER và NEVERTHELESS.
	Ex :	- She was feeling bad. However, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
	- She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
	- She was feeling bad. She went to school, however, and tried to concentrate.
	- The problams are not serious. Nevertheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.
	Chú ý : Có thể dùng HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB với ý nghĩa “NO MATTER HOW” (=cho dù đến thế nào đi nữa)
	Ex :	- However cold it is outside, she has the window open.
	 (No matter how cold it is outside, )
	- However hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion.
	 (No matter how hard he tried, )
5. WHEN / WHILE / AS (= khi / trong khi) ð chỉ thời gian
 a. WHEN (= khi)
	Ex :	- When I came to her house, she made me a cup of tea.
	- She was cooking dinner when I came.
 b. WHILE (= trong khi)
	Ex :	- While the old man was crossing the road, a car nearly hit him.
	- He was working overtime while his wife was waiting for him at home.
	Có thể dùng WHILE hoặc WHEREAS để so sánh hai ý và nhấn mạnh sự khác nhau của chúng.
Ex :	- Frank is intelligent and industrious while / whereas his brother, Dick, is slow and rather lazy.
 c. AS (= trong khi) : tương tự như WHILE.
Ex :	- I bumped my head into the door as I was walking into the room.
	- As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police.
 Chú ý : AS và SINCE cũng được với nghĩa BECAUSE.
Ex :	- As he lives near his office, he always walks to work.
	- I’ll go first as I know the way.
	- Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us.
	- Since he is a married man, he rarely goes out in the evening.
 d. ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + AS / THOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB ð có thể dùng AS sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ với ý nghĩa như ALTHOUGH.
	Ex :	- Hot as it was, he was wearing a thick coat.
	 (Although it was hot, )
	- Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home.
	 (Although we were tired, )
	- Bravely as they fought, they lost the battle.
6. BESIDES / IN ADDITION (TO) (= ngoài ra, hơn nữa). BESIDES và IN ADDITION có thể đứng riêng một mình
Ex :	- I don’t really want to go. Besides, it’s too late now.
	- This job is interesting. In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go abroad.
Các từ MOREOVER và FURTHERMORE cũng có thể được dùng với nghĩa như BESIDES.
Ex :	- I’m not ready to go now. Moreover, it’s raining.
	- I haven’t discussed the matter with Mr. Lee. Furthermore, I haven’t contacted him.
Có thể dùng BESIDES và IN ADDITION TO với một danh từ hoặc một V-ing. Trong trường hợp này chúng được xem như là giới từ.
Ex :	- My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music.
	- Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays the violin in an orchestra
7. MỘT SỐ TỪ NỐI KHÁC :
a. OTHERWISE (= OR ELSE) : trái lại, ngược lại
	Ex :	- We must be early, otherwise we won’t get a seat.
	- We must be early, or (else) we don’t get a seat.
b. IN CASE : trong trường hợp, phòng khi
	Ex :	- You should bring more money in case you want to buy something.
	- We bought some more food in case our friends came.
	Không dùng WILL sau IN CASE. Chỉ dùng thì hiện tại với nghĩa tương lai.
	Có thể dùng IN CASE OF + NOUN và JUST IN CASE (= chỉ phòng hờ)
	Ex :	- In case of fire, you can telephone this number for fire truck.
	- I don’t think it will rain, but I’ll take a raincoat just in case.
c. AS LONG AS, PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT)  : miễn là
	Ex :	- You can use my bike as long as you return it by six o’clock.
- Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have somewhere to park.
	Khi nói về tương lai, không dùng WILL sau AS LONG AS và PROVIDED ? PROVDING (THAT), chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn.
d. NOT ONLY  BUT ALSO : không những  mà còn 
	Ex :	- She was not only a teacher but also a good writer.
	- He not only shouted at me but threatened to hit me.
e. HARDLY  WHEN  / NO SOONER  THAN  : vừa mới  thì đã 
	Ex :	- He had hardly had dinner when the lights went out.
	- He had no sooner earned any money than he spent it all.
EXERCISE 1 – Fill in the blank with BUT, SO, AND, THEREFORE, HOWEVER
1. 	I want to work as an interpreter in the future, ......, I am studying Russian at university. 
2. 	I am going shopping for food this evening ...... I do not have to go at the weekend.
3. 	When she got the news from her family, she could not do anything ...... cry.
4. 	We live in the same building ...... we have hardly seen each other
5. 	I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD ...... the shop didn't have it.
6. 	Anna needed some money, ......, she took a part-time job.
7. 	Julie has a guitar ...... she plays it really well. 
8. 	My fingers were injured ...... my sister had to write the note for me.
9. 	The concert was cancelled ...... we went to a nightclub instead.
10. This is an expensive ...... very useful book. 
11. ...... long it takes, I will wait for you. 
12. I must say that you have done very well. ......, you should be aware that you still have a lot of thing to learn.
13. He is only sixteen, and ......, he is not eligible to drive a car.
14. Maria tried to read a novel in French ...... the book was too difficult for her to understand.
15. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ...... you can ride the ferry.
16. I bought a bottle of wine ...... we drank it together. 
17. The waiter was not very nice, ......, the food was delicious. 
18. ...... hard he worked, he could earn enough money to support the family.
19. I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car ...... he absolutely refused to accept it.
20. Everyone is ready for the discussion, ...... him. 
- ANSWERS
1. therefore	2. so	 	3. but	 4. But	5. but	6. therefore 
7. and	8. so	 	9. so 	 10. but	 	11. however	12. however	
13. therefore	14. but	 	15. or 	16. and 	17. However	18. however 
19. but 	20. but
EXERCISE 2 – Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. 	My boss is going on vacation next month,  she’ll be away from the office for about four weeks.
	A. in other words	B. for instance	C. on the other hand	D. such as
2. 	Green vegetables  cabbage and broccoli are my least favourite food.
	A. as well as	B. such as	C. neither	D. in addition
3. 	English is the language spoken by the people of the USA, Canada, the UK, New Zealand and Australia. , English is one of the international languages of business.
	A. Like	B. In addition	C. On the contrary	D. For example
4. 	We all felt cold, wet and hungry; , we were lost.
	A. moreover	B. for example	C. however	D. although
5. 	The kitchen is on the first floor,  the floor at street level.
	A. furthermore	B. that is	C. for instance	D. as a result
6. 	I dislike one subject in college, ...... German.
	A. namely	B. such as	C. including	D. for example
7. 	 she felt sleepy, she decided to go to bed early.
	A. As	B. Although	C. Despite	D. Because of
8. 	The report was very sleepy, ...... she decided to go to bed early.
	A. unlike	B. because	C. so that	D. so
9. 	On the one hand, he’s a good salesman, but , he can’t work out discounts correctly.
	A. in the same way	B. as a result	C. on the other hand	D. in addition
10.  teaching in a high school, he wrote articles for a magazine.
	A. Because of	B. Besides	C. In spite of	D. Therefore
11. It was  route that we ended up getting lost.
	A. a such complicated	B. such a complicated	C. such complicated	D. so complicated
12.  the football team, our town has a hockey team.
	A. In addition	B. Also	C. Beside	D. Besides
13. By the end of the day they were ravenous, as they had eaten nothing  apples.
	A. but	B. until	C. for	D. than
14. We all enjoyed ourselves on vacation,  the awful weather.
	A. nevertheless	B. although	C. in spite of	D. so
15.  Mark brings the money for our lunch, we’ll go right down to the cafeteria.
	A. Since	B. As soon as	C. Now that	D. Until
16. When  a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and abbreviations it contains.
	A. use	B. using	C. having used 	D. to use
17.  the danger, many people wanted to take part in the expedition.
	A. Although	B. Because	C. Besides	D. Despite
18. Bats are fascinating  have many interesting and amazing qualities.
	A. animals. Therefore, they	B. animals, they
	C. animals. Because they	D. animals. They
19. They’re going to Bermuda  a vacation.
	A. about	B. with	C. to	D. for
20. , he couldn’t catch up with the leading runner.
	A. In spite of he ran fast	B. Even though his running fast
	C. Fast though he ran	D. As fast as he running
21.  extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our skiing trip.
	A. Since	B. Because	C. Due to	D. Due to the fact that
22.  my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she’ll be able to drive.
	A. Once	B. Since	C. Because	D. Although
23. My son likes to swim, jog, and  football.
	A. plays	B. playing	C. play	D. to play
24. He wore a false beard  recognize him.
	A. so as not to	B. for everyone not	C. in order no one to	D. so that no one could
25. Jimmy spent  money buying movie tickets that he didn’t have enough left to buy a soft drink or candy bar.
	A. a lot of	B. such much	C. too much	D. so much
26. Great white sharks are dangerous to  will attack without warning.
	A. humans. They	B. humans, they	
 C. humans. Because they	D. humans. As long as they
27. She turned out the light  electricity.
	A. not waste	B. so not waste	C. so not wasting	D. so as not to waste
28. , they went on walking to the next village.
	A. They were hungry	B. Hungry as they were
	C. Although were hungry	D. Despite they were hungry
29. They were  good roads that we could drive at high speed.
	A. so	B. such	C. such a	D. very
30. The ladder wasn’t  to reach the window.
	A. too tall	B. enough tall	C. so tall	D. tall enough
EXERCISE 3 – Complete each sentence using one of the words or phrases from the box. You can use some words more than one.
BUT UNTIL EVEN THOUGH PROVIDED SO BECAUSE SINCE OF SO THAT BECAUSE HOWEVER AND
1. 	I like sports cars. , I don’t want to buy one for myself. 
2. 	There’s a 50-kiloometer speed limit on this road  most drivers go faster than that.
3. 	 “Shrek” is a children’s movie, parents like watching it, too.
4. 	My husband always gets up at 6.30 a.m.,  I tend to get up at the same time.
5. 	Most people like this restaurant  its friendly atmosphere.
6. 	 there had been no customers all day, the manager decided to close the shop early.
7. 	I’ve done the washing up  I’ve also cleaned the kitchen.
8. 	I’m staying here  I get my money back.
9. 	You can cancel the ticket  you tell the airline 48 hours in advance.
10. I’m going to the bank now  I’ll have enough money for shopping
EXERCISE 4 – Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. 	I thought he made an expedition across the Sahara desert. ......, I have recently heard he didn’t.
A. Therefore	B. However	C. That’s why	D. As a result
2. 	We have little water left, ...... be careful not to waste a drop.
A. and	B. but	C. so	D. however
3. 	Jane has a computer, ...... she doesn’t use it.
 	A. and 	B. since 	C. but 	D. in spite of
4. 	I am not so good at English, ...... I have to practice more.
A. but 	B. so 	C. while 	D. despite
5. 	Everyone thought she would accept the offer. ......, she turned it down.
A. However 	B. So 	C. Too 	D. Moreover
6. 	They didn’t eat anything ...... they were very hungry.
A. although	B. in spite	C. despite 	D. in spite of
7. 	I didn’t recognize her ...... meeting her twice.
A. although	B. because of	C. in spite of	D. despite of
8. 	In spite ......, the baseball game was not cancelled.
	A. the rain 	B. of the rain 	C. it was raining 	D. there was a rain
9.	...... he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
	A. In spite 	B. In spite of 	C. Despite 	D. Although
10. ......, he walked to the station.
	A. Despite being tired 	B. Although to be tired	
C. In spite being tired 	D. Despite tired
EXERCISE 3 – Rewrite the second sentence in each pair. Use no more than five words including the word given in brackets. Do NOT change this word.
1. 	Lisa gave up smoking because she wanted to keep healthy. (ORDER)
	- Lisa gave up smoking 	healthy.
2. 	I couldn’t keep my eyes open because I was very tired. (SO)
	- I was 	keep my eyes open.
3. 	Your children are so young that they can’t understand this. (TOO)
	- Your children are 	this.
5. 	Don’t you think this is the best film you have ever seen ? (SUCH)
	- Have you 	film before ?
6. 	Don’t talk so loud ! The boss may be listening. (IN CASE)
	- Don’t talk so loud 	listening.
7. 	Although she was ill, she visited other ruins. (IN SPITE OF)
	- In 	she visited other ruins.
8. 	The book was so good that everyone bought it. (SUCH)
	- It 	that everyone bought it.
9. 	Rita doesn’t just dance, she also sings. (ONLY)
	- Not 	but she also dances.
10. We walked out of the cinema because the film was too boring. (SO)
	- The film 	walked out of the cinema.
ANSWERS
1.	...... in order to keep healthy ......	 2. ...... tired that I couldn’t ...... 	3. ...... too young to understand ......
5.	...... seen such a good ......	6.	...... in case the boss is ......
7.	...... spite of her illness, ......	8.	...... was such a good book ......
9.	...... only does Rita sing ......	10.	...... was so boring that we ......
CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE
(MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CỤM TỪ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH)
1. SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE được dùng để diễn tả mục đích với nghĩa “để (mà)”. Mệnh đề theo sau IN ORDER THAT / SO THAT thường được dùng với CAN / COULD, WILL / WOULD.
	Ex :	- I have given him my number so that he can phone me later.
	- He spoke very loudly so that I could hear him clearly.
2. Chúng ta có thể dùng TO-Infinitive, IN ORDER / SO AS + TO-Infinitive để chỉ mục đích. Dạng phủ định của cấu trúc này là SO AS NOT / IN ORDER NOT + TO-Infinitive. Nếu tác nhân gây ra hành động do TO-Infinitive diễn tà khác với chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính thì cấu trúc này là (IN ORDER) FOR + OBJECT + TO-Infinitive.
	Ex :	- Emily went to Italy (so as / in order) to study music.
	- I sat down quietly in order / so as not to disturb their conversation.
	- He spoke very loudly in order for me to hear clearly.
3. FOR + NOUN và FOR + V-ing cũng có thể được dùng để chỉ mục đích.
	Ex :	- They went to a restaurant for dinner. 
 (They went to a restaurant to eat dinner)
	- This machine is used for cutting waste paper into pieces.
	 (We use this machine to cut waste paper into pieces)
Exercise 1 – Use phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of the following sentences.
She went to the bookshop. She wanted to buy a dictionary.
- She went to the bookshop so that she could buy a dictionary.
My brother is learning English. He can get a good job.
- My brother is learning English in order that he can get a good job. 
My parents sent me to the U.S.A. They wanted me to study computer there.
- My parents sent me to the U.S.A so that I could study computer there.
The teacher spoke very slowly. He wanted his pupils to understand what he said.
- The teacher spoke very slowly in order that his pupils could understand what he said.
Miss Hoa locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed.
- Miss Hoa locked the door so that she couldn’t be disturbed.
We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity.
- We turned out the lights so that we couldn’t waste electricity.
They tried to do their job well. They wanted the boss to increase their salary.
- They tried to do their job well so that the boss would increase their salary.
I’m learning English. I want to read books in English.
- I’m learning English in order that I’ll read books in English.
My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents.
- My father drove carefully so that he couldn’t cause accidents.
Please close the windows. I don’t want anybody to look at my house.
- Please close the windows so that no one will look at my house.
Exercise 2 – Change phrases of purpose to clauses of purpose or vice versa.
He climbed the tree in order to get a better view.
- He climbed three in order that he could get a better view.
Leave early so that you may get home before dark.
- Leave early (so as) to get home before dark.
She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books.
- She went to the library (in order) to borrow some books.
He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train.
- He hurried to the station so that he couldn’t miss the train.
I went to see him so that I could find out what had happened.
- I went to see him (so as) to find out what had happened.
I got up early so that I couldn’t be late for school.
- I got up early so as not to be late for school.
I shouted in order that I could warn everyone of danger.
- I shouted (in order) to warn everyone of danger.
John is practicing the guitar to play for the dance.
- John is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
We should do morning exercises regularly so as to improve our health.
- We should do morning exercises regularly so that we will improve our health.
She put on warm clothes so that she wouldn’t catch cold.
- She put on warm clothes in order not to catch cold.
Exercise 3 – Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.
1. We set off early  we wouldn’t get stuck in the traffic.
A. although	B. so that	C. because	D. in case
2. Mary put on her scarf  she  get cold.
A. in order that – will not	B. so as to – would not
C. so that – would not	D. to – will not
3. The schoolboys are in a hurry  they will not be late for school.
A. so as to	B. to	C. for 	D. in order that	
4. He lighted the candle  I might read the note.
A. as long as	B. because	C. and	D. so that
5. He had to explain the lesson very clearly 
A. in order that his students to understand it	B. in order that his students could understand it
C. so as his students to understand it	D. so that his students to understand it
6. We have to start early  we won’t be late.
A. so that	B. so as to	C. because	D. although
7. They went to the seaside  they wouldn’t be disturbed by the noise of the city.
A. in order that	B. so that	C. so as to	D. A and B are correct
8. We stopped at a square  have a rest.
A. so as	 	B. in order that	C. in order to	D. in order
9. My parents got up very early morning  pack the car for our journey.
A. so that	B. in order that	C. in order to	D. in order
10. You may put your money in a small coin bank 
A. so that to keep it safe	B. so as not to keep it safe
C. in order to keep it safe	D. not to keep it safe
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CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT
(MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CỤM TỪ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ)
1. SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT – CLAUSE được dùng với nghĩa “ quá  đến nỗi ” để nêu lên một kết quả.
	Ex :	- Bill is so tall that he often bumps his head on the doorway.
	- Ronaldo plays football so well that many clubs want his service.
	SO + ADJ + A / AN + NOUN cũng được dùng với nghĩa tương tự (nhưng chỉ với các danh từ số ít
	Ex :	- Kate is so gentle a person that no one wants to harm her.
	 (Kate is such a gentle person that no one wants to harm her)
	- He has so good a voice that he should become a singer.
	 (He has such a good voice that he should become a singer)
2. SUCH + A / AN + ADJ + NOUN (singular) + THAT – CLAUSE
 SUCH + ADJ + NOUN (uncountable or plural) + THAT – CLAUSE cũng được dùng với nghĩa “quá  đến nỗi .” để chỉ kết quả.
	Ex :	- Bill is such a tall man that he often bumps his head on the doorway.
	- It was such an easy question that everybody got it right.
	- Our neighbours were such nice people that we always miss them.
	- It was such nice weather that we decided to go out for a walk.
	Dùng SO + MANY / MUCH / FEW / LITTLE + NOUN + THAT – CLAUSE.
	Ex :	- There were so few customers that the