Tài liệu ôn tập ngữ pháp môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 8

ated( past. Part)
	tolerant(adj)
	tolerable(adj)
	tolerably(adv)
	tolerance(n)
4. 	important (adj) 
importance(n)
5. 	difficult(adj)
difficulty(n)
	6. 	determine (v)
	determination (n)
	7. 	tend (v)
	tendency(n)
	8.	 occupy (v)
 	occupied (past. Part)
	occupation(n)
	occupational (adj)
	9. 	potential (adj) / (n)
	10. 	expect(v)
	expected (past. Part)
	expecting(pres. part)
	expectant(adj)
	expectantly(adv)
	expectation(n)
	11. 	prefer(v)
	preferential(adj)
	preferentially(adv)
	preference(n)
12. 	attract(v)
attracted(past. Part)
attractive(adj)
attractively(adv)
attraction(n)
13.	 reason(v)
reasonable(adj)
reasonably(adv)
reason(n)
14. 	absorb(v)
absorbed(past. Part)
absorbent(adj) / (n)
absorptive(adj)
absorption(n)
15.	deafen(v)
deaf(adj) / (n)
deafness(n)
16. 	militarize(v)
militaristic(adj)
military(adj) / (n)
militarily(adv)
militarism(n)
LESSON 4 : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
	( Meänh Ñeà Traïng Töø Chæ Thôøi Gian)
I. PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
Ex: 1/ a. We always take our umbrellas when it rains.
 b. We are singing as she comes.
	2/ a. I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus.
	 b. I’m writing while they are talking.
	3./ He goes home after he has finished his work.
	4/ a. She has played the piano since she was five.
 I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.
	5/ a. She greets me as soon as she sees me.
	 b. He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal.
Main Clause 
 (Mñeà chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time 
(Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + V1 / s / es
 S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (ñang)
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V1 / s / es
2. S+ V1 / s / es
 S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(ñang)
WHILE =AS
S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (ñang)
3. S+ V1 / s / es
AFTER
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
4. S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed
SINCE
S + V2ed® ÑAÕ CHAÁM DÖÙT
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed® Vaãn coøn
5. S + V1 / s / es
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed® Hoaøn taát
II. PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
EX: 1/ a. I sat near the window whenever I took a bus.
 b. It was raining hard when I got there.
 2/ a. I met him while I was walking down the street.
 b. I was writing while he was reading.
 3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal.
 4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked.
 5/ a. He left as soon as I told him.
 b. He left as soon as he had finished his work.
Main Clause (Mñeà chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + V2
 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang)
WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
S + V2
2. S + V2
 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang)
WHILE =AS
S + WAS / WERE + Ving (ñang)
3. S + V2
AFTER
S + HAD + V3ED
4. S + HAD + V3ED
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S + V2
5. S + V2
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V2
S + HAD + V3ED ®Hoaøn taát
II. FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE:
 EX: 1/ a. We’ ll go when we want. 
 b. I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework.
 2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow.
Main Clause (Mñeà chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG)
1. S + WILL / SHALL + V1
OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V1
WHEN =AS
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
S + V1 / s / es
S + HAS / HAVE + V3ed®Hoaøn taát
2. S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V3ed
 ®Hoaøn taát
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
S+ V1 / s / es
Note: Khoâng duøng thì Tlai trong Mñeà Traïng töø chæ TG® Duøng caùc thì Htaïi thay theá.
LESSON 5 : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS 
 ( Döïng & Traû Lôøi Caâu Hoûi)
Types
Questions
Answers
Yes - No
Inter. form?
Yes, Spron. + Vpreceding Q.
No, Spron. + Vpreceding Q. + NOT
Or
Inter. form + A or B?
Affir. form + A/B
Wh
Wh + Inter. form?
Affir. form
 Ex: 1. Uncle Ho / die / 1969?
 - Did Uncle Ho die in 1969? à Yes, he did.
 2. Faraday / writer or scientist?
 - Was Faraday a writer or a scientist? à He / Faraday was a scientist.
 3. When / Tom / go / school?
 - When does Tom often go to school? 
à He/Tom often goes to school in the morning.
Notes:
When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject 
 ® Affir. form is used in the Q.
 Ex: a/ Who can swim? 
 à Nam can swim.
 b/ How many students are absent today?
 à Two students are absent today.
2. Tag Question: 
 Ex: The weather is nice , isn’t it ? à Yes, it is.
Commands: 
V1( Haõy): List/ Mention/ Name/ Give ® They are / It is 
 Ex: Name some English scientists. 
	 à They / Some E. scientists are Newton, Faraday, 
 LESSON 6: ACTIVE or PASSIVE VOICE
( Chuû Ñoäng vaø Thuï Ñoäng Caùch)
A: S + V + O
P: S + BE + V3ed + by O
 (chia thì theo ñoäng töø cuûa caâu Active)
 (A : Active P : Passive)
Ex: 1/ A: Tom eats apples every day.
 P: Apples are eaten by Tom every day.
 2/ A: They saw him in the shop.
 P: He was seen in the shop ( by them )
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
V1 / Vs/es 
 V2ed 
Am/ is /are
Was / were 
+ V3ed
+ V3ed
Am/ is /are
 + Ving
Was / were 
Am/ is /are 
 + being 
Was / were 
Has / have
 + V3ed
 Had 
Has / have 
 + been 
Had 
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + V1
Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Will (would)
Shall (should)
Can(could)
May (might)
Must + be 
Be going to
Be able to
Have to
Ought to
Used to
Notes: 
A: S + V + OI + OD
P: S + BE + V3ed + OD + by + O
OR:( S + BE + V3ED + for/ to + OI + by + O)
1/
Ex: A: Lan gave Mary some books.
 OI OD
 P: Mary was given some books by Lan.
 OR:(Some books were given to Mary by Lan.)
2/ 
A: S + Ví + (THAT) + S + V .
P: S + BE + V3ed + TO + V1
OR: IT + BE + V3ed + by + O + (THAT) S + V
 Ví: SAY 	KNOW 	THINK 
 BELIEVE 	REPORT 	 	RUMOUR 
 TELL CLAIM	 PROVE 
 CONSIDER
 Ex : A : They say that they has been ill.
 P : He is said to have been ill. (or : It is said that he has been ill.)
LESSON 7: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
( Caâu Ñieàu Kieän)
Types and Use
(Loaïi vaø Caùch duøng )
If Clause ( Mñeà IF)
Main Clause ( Mñeà chính)
1. Future Possible 
® ÑK coù theå xaûy ra ôû HT&TL
 V1 /s /es
IF + S + do /does +not + V1
 *BE: am, is ,are
 will 
S + shall + V1
 can 
 may
2. Present Unreal:
® ÑK khoâng theå xaûy ra ôû HT&TL
 V2ed
IF + S + did not + V1 
 *BE: were 
 would
S+ should + V1
 could 
 might
3. Past Unreal:
® ÑK khoâng theå xaûy ra ôû QK.
IF + S + had + V3ed 
 would
S+ should + have + V3ed 
 could 
 might
Ex: 1. If it is fine, we will go.
 2. I’d fly everywhere if I were a bird.
 3. If you had met the president yesterday, what would you have done?
ä Sentence Transformation:
A/ UNLESS = IF  NOT
If + Neg. form
= Unless + Affir. form
 am /is/ are not
 do /does not + V1 
If + S + did not+V1 
 were not
 had not+ V3ed 
 am /is/ are
 V1/s /es
= UNLESS + S + V2ed 
 were 
 had + V3ed 
 Ex: If you didn’t study hard, you’d get bad marks.
 = Unless you studied hard, you’d get bad marks.
Note: Neáu caâu vôùi Mñeà IF Kñònh, Mñeà chính ôû theå Pûñònh , ta coù theå chuyeån sang 
 UNLESS = caùch ñoåi Mñeà chính thaønh theå Kñònh.
 Ex: If you are lazy, you can’t be successful 
 = Unless you are lazy, you can be successful.
B/ CAÙCH VIEÁT CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN TÖØ TÌNH HUOÁNG
T. HUOÁNG CHO: 1.Coù töø “OR” : vieát ñk loaïi 1
 2. H.taïi : loaïi 2
 	 3.Q. khöÙ : loaïi 3
 4.Coù töø “SO”: vieát xuoâi S + V SO S + V
 è IF + S + V , S + V
 5.Coù töø “BECAUSE”: vieát ngöôïc
	 S + V because S +V
 è IF + S + V , S + V
 6. Phuû ñònh vieát khaúng ñònh & ngöôïc laïi
Examples: 1. I am not clever, so I won’t be a doctor.
 èIf I were clever, I would be a doctor.
 2. John was sick because he ate much cake.
 èIf John hadn’t eaten much cake, he’d not have been sick.
Tröôøng hôïp khaùc :
1.
 S+ can /will+ V1 but S + must/ have to +V1
 IF + S + V1/Vs,es , S + can/ will + V1 ( Ñk 1)
Ex: I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
 è If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
2. 
 V 1 or S + will /can +V1 
è S + will/ can + V1 unless you + V1 
Ex: Work hard or you’ll fail the exam.
 è You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard.
 LESSON 8 : UNREAL WISHES 
 ( Öôùc Muoán Khoâng Theå Xaûy Ra)
 could + V1 : Tình huoáng Htaïi / Tlai , traùi vôùi khaû naêng
S + wish + (that) would / should + V1 : Tình huoáng Tlai
 + S + V2 / were; didn’t+ V1 / weren’t : Tình huoáng Htaïi 
 If only hadn’t + V3 : Tình huoáng Qkhöù
Ex: a) I wish I (can fly) could fly.
 b) We wish it (be) would be sunny soon.
 c) If only we (see) saw a UFO now.
 d) He wishes he (meet) had met her yesterday.
ä Sentence Transformation:
 S+ be sorry
 What a pity + ( that) S + V
 It is a pity
 S + regret + Ving / S + V
 S + do / does not like + Ving / to v1
è S + wish + ( that ) + S + V×
 a. 
×Note: 
Theâm S ( neáu thieáu)
Kñònh ² Pñònh ( vaø ngöôïc laïi)
Htaïi ² Qkhöù; 
Qkhöù ² Qkhöù hoaøn thaønh
 Ex: I’m sorry that I didn’t come yesterday.
 ² I wish ( that) I had come yesterday.
 Ex: Mr. Taylor doesn’t like living in a small house.
 ² Mr. Taylor wishes he didn’t live in a small house.
 S + would like / would love + to V1 / to have + V3ed
 à S+ wish + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3ed
 b. 
 Ex: I’d like to have met her.
 ² I wish I had met her.
 LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE
 ( Danh Ñoäng Töø & Ñoäng Töø Nguyeân Maãu)
GERUND (Ving) : ñoùng vai troø V & N cuøng moät luùc.
 Vai troø: 
S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.)
O - Sau prep. (Ex: We are interested in studying English.)
 - Sau moät soá V (Ex: I enjoy swimming.)
 3. C (Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding and the preservation of natural 
 resources.)
 Notes: The + Ving + of + n ( Ex: The reclaiming of land.)
GERUND OR INFINITIVE :
Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu ( To+V1)
Theo qui luaät thoâng thöôøng, ñoäng töø naøo ñuùng sau moät ñoäng töø khaùc thì phaûi ôû daïng 
nguyeân maãu (TO +V1)
 Ex: a) I would like to speak to Mr. Duran.
 b) Mary asked John to help her.
 c) My brother wants to become a pharmacist.
 d) Every body is expecting her to come.
II. Caùc ñoäng töø & cuïm töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng Ving :
acknowledge
admit
appreciate
avoid
celebrate
consider
delay =postpone
deny
detest
discontinue
discuss
dislike
endure
enjoy
escape
explain
fancy = imagine
feel like
finish
forgive
include
involve
justify
keep(continue)
mention
mind
miss
practise
prevent
prohibit
propose
quit
recall
report
resent
resist
risk
suggest
support
tolerate
understand
be accustomed to = be used to
be busy
be worth
can’t help
can’t stand
get used to = become accustomed to
look forward to
it’s no good
it’s no use
III. Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng Ving / To V1 nhöng khoâng doåi nghóa:
continue 5. begin
dread 	6. hate
like 	7. love
prefer 	8. start
Ex: She started to learn English when she was 5 years old.
 « She started learning English when she was 5 years old.
IV. Caùc ñoäng töø ñöôïc theo sau baèng Ving / To V1 nhöng doåi nghóa:
1. FORGET, REGET, 	 To V1 : seõ xaûy ra ( Tlai) 
 	+ 
 REMEMBER 	 Ving : ñaõõ xaûy ra ( Qkhöù) 
Ex: 	a) Remember to sent John a present. Today is his birthday.
	b) I remember meeting you somewhere before but I’m sorry I forget 
 your name.
 2. TRY + To V1 : coá gaéng laøm. 
 Ving : thöû laøm. 
Ex: a) She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college. 
 b) Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.
 3. STOP + To V1 : döøng laïi ñeå laøm vieäc gì khaùc. 
 Ving : döøng laïi khoâng laøm vieäc gì (ñang laøm) nöõa.
Ex: a) Feeling sleepy, the driver stopped to drink a coffee
 b) That old man tried to stop smoking because of his bad cough. 
 4. NEED + To V1 : caàn phaûi laøm ( yù chuû ñoäng). 
 Ving : caàn phaûi ñöôïc laøm ( yù bò ñoäng). 
 Ex: a) Tom needs to work harder. 
 b) The grass in front of the house needs cutting. 
V. Moät soá tröôøng hôïp khaùc: 
 1. ADVISE To V1 Ex: The police allow us to go there
 ALLOW + 	
 PERMIT 
 RECOMMEND V ing Ex: The police allow going there. 
 2. FEEL 
 HEAR + Vo / Ving ( ñang) Ex: We saw David jog
 SEE jogging in the park.
 WATCH
 HELP
 3. MAKE + O + V1 Ex: Please let me go.
 LET 
 NOTICE
 BID
4. WOULD RATHER + V1 Ex: I’d rather drink tea than coffee.
 HAD BETTER ( not ) You’d better not go out.
LESSON10 : CLAUSES & PHRASES 
	OF CAUSES & EFFECTS
(Meänh Ñeà Vaø Cuïm Töø Chæ Nguyeân Nhaân Vaø Keát Quaû)
S + be / Vord + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V 
 ( quaù ñeán noåi)
1. 
Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
 He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
S + V + SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + n + THAT + S + V 
 ( quaù ñeán noåi) 
2. 
Ex: It is such hot tea that I can’t drink.
 He was such a bad driver that he couldn’t pass the driving test. 
3.
S + be / V ord + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
 ( quaù.. neân khoâng theå)
 * Boû ‘for O’ khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.
 * Boû O cuûa ‘to V’ khi O naøy = S
 Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
4/
 be +adj 
S + ________ + enough + (for +O) + To V1 ( + O )
 V ord + adv
 (ñuû ñeå)
 Ex: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
 He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test.
ä Sentence Transformation:
a/
 S(n) + be + SO + adj + THAT
 It /This /That
« + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT
 He/ She/ They
 Ex: The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
 « It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it.
b/ 
 S + Vord + SO + adv + THAT 
« S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + n + THAT
 Ex: He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test.
 « He was such a bad driver that __________________________.
c/
S + V + SO + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )*
S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)*
 * Boû ‘for O’ khi O naøy = S hoaëc chæ chung chung.
 * Boû O cuûa ‘To V’ khi O naøy = S
Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink. 
 « The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test. 
 « He drove too badly to pass the driving test.
d/
 TOO + adj / adv 
 ¹
«  NOT + adj /adv + ENOUGH
 Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.
 « The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.
LESSON 11 : RELATIVE CLAUSES
( Meänh Ñeà Quan Heä)
Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:
 Functions
Antecedents
Subject
Object
Poss.
Adv
Things
Which
Which
Whose + n
(of which)
People
Who
Whom
Whose + n 
Place
Where
Time
When
Reason
Why 
 Notes: *Where = prep + nplace
 *When = prep + ntime
 *Why = for + the reason
 *‘THAT’ thay theá cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” trong meänh ñeà coù giôùi 
 haïn (khoâng ñöùng sau daáu phaåy, prep).
 *Duøng 1 hoaëc 2 daáu phaåy taùch meänh ñeà quan heä ra khoûi meänh ñeà chính
 khi tieàn danh töø laø: 
 - Danh töø rieâng 
 - Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
 - Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = sôû höõu (MY, YOUR, ,TOM’S HOUSE,)
 - Danh töø ñöôïc boå nghóa = 1 nhoùm töø ( EX: The man from Hanoi,)
 Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.
Relative Clauses:
 Rel. Cl.
Ant.
Relative clause
Relative pronoun / adverb
The other parts
Things
+ which / that
+ V ( + O)
+ S + V
People
+ who / that
+ whom /that
+ V( + O)
+ S + V
People/ things
+ whose
 V ( + O)
+ n + 
 S + V
Place
Time
Reason
+ where
+ when
+ why
 + S + V (+ O)
Ex: a/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door.
 « Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door?
 b/ She showed me the radio. She had bought it
 « She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought.
 c/ I don’t like the people. People lose their temper easily.
 « I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily.
 d/ The man works here. I saw him yesterday.
 « The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here.
 e/ The house is very large. Its door is green.
 « The house whose door is green is very large.
 f/ Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle.
 « Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping?
 g/ Vietnam is beautiful. We live in vietnam.
 «Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful.
 LESSON 12: REPORTED SPEECH
(Caâu Töôøng Thuaät)
1.Meänh Leänh &ø Yeâu Caàu: V1  Haõy – Meänh leänh khaúng ñònh
 Don’t + V1  Ñöøng - Meänh leänh phuû ñònh
 TOLD
S + + O + 
 ASKED 
To + V1 (MLKÑ)
 Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here, please.”
 « He told us to keep silent there.
Not to + V1 (MLPÑ)
Ex: “Don’t laugh at me” said Mary.
 « Mary asked me not to laugh at her.
2. Phaùt bieåu: S + V (chia roài) 
 TOLD + O 
S + (THAT) + S +V (luøi thì)
 SAID
Ex1: They said to us, “These are snakes.”
 « They told us (that) those were snakes.
Ex2 : “I came at 8 o’clock,” he said.
 « He said (that) he had come at 8 o’clock.
3. Caâu hoûi:
 	a/ WH_ Questions: “WH + V + S ?”
	b/ YES _ NO Questions: “ V + S  ?”
 asked + (O)
S + wanted to know
 wondered
+ WH
S + V (luøi thì)
+ IF / WHETHER
 Ex1: The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?”
 « The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was.
 Ex2: “ Did you see him?” she said to me.
 « She asked me if / whether I had seen him.
 Notes: 
	 	1. Change of Adverbs of Time & Place:
Direct speech
Reported speech
Direct speech
Reported speech
1. here
1. there
6. tonight
6. that night
2. this
2. that
7. yesterday
7. the previous day, the day before
3. these
3. those
8. ago
8. before
4. now
4. then
9. tomorrow
9. the following day, the next day
5. today
5. that day
10. next (week.)
10. the following (week)
 2. Change of Pronoun & Poss. Adj:
Per.
Subj.
Obj.
Poss. Adj.
Poss. Pro.
1
I
Me
My
Mine
We
Us
Our
Ours
2
You
You
Your
Yours
3
They
Them
Their
Theirs
3
He
Him
His
His
She
Her
Her
Hers
It
It
Its
its
 S + V + O, “ person 1 person 2”
 (chuùng) toâi (caùc)baïn
Changes of Tenses:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Notes:
1/ Khi töø ‘WH’ laøm S hoaëc boå nghóa cho Sè O ñoåi theå.
 Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my father.
 « My father asked who had broken that vase.
2/ Khi caâu tröïc tieáp dieãn taû 1 chaân lí, söï thaät hieån nhieân è O ñoåi thì.
 Ex: Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”
 « Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east. 
3/ Khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû thì Htaïi or Tlaiè O ñoåi thì, 
khoâng ñoåi thôøi gian & nôi choán, chæ ñoåi ngoâi.
 Ex: He says, “I’m hurry now.”
 « He says that he is hungry now.
4/ 
 S + should / had better + (not) V1 
« S + advised + O + (not) To V1
 Ex: You should eat a lot of fresh fruit.
à He advised me to eat a lot of fresh fruit.
Taát caû caùc hình thöùc khi ñoåi sang caâu töôøng thuaät phaûi ñoåi ngoâi : Ngoâi 1 à ñoåi theo ngöôøi noùi (S)
 Ngoâi 2 à ñoåi theo ngöôøi nghe (O)
 Ngoâi 3 à giöõ nguyeân
V1 / Vs/es
V2ed
am
 is +Ving
 are 
was 
 +Ving
were 
has / have + V3ed
V2ed
had + V3ed
was / were + Ving
 had been + Ving
 will
 shall
 can +V1
 may
 must
 would
 should
 could +V1
 might
 had to
LESSON 13 : CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
(Meänh Ñeà Chæ Muïc Ñích)
 SO THAT can/could
S + V + _______________ + S + will/ would + V1
 IN ORDER THAT shall/ should
 ñeå maø may/ might 
Ex: a) We study hard. We want to pass the exam.
 « We study hard so that we can pass the exam.
 b) I helped Nam. I wanted him to finish the work on time.
 « I helped Nam in order that he could finish the work on time.
 Notes: Phrase of Purpose
 to
S + V + in order to + V1
 so as to
 in order for + O +TO
  ñeÅ
Ex: We study hard to pass the exam.
 « I helped Nam in order for him to finish the work on time.
LESSON 14 : COMPARISONS
( So Saùnh)
Types
Models
1/ Equal Degree
(So saùnh baèng)
AS + adj / adv + AS
(baèng, nhö)
NOT AS/SO + adj. / adv + AS
(khoâng baèng, khoâng nhö)
2/Comparitive Degree
(So saùnh hôn)
 adj. / adv(ngaén) + ER + THAN
 MORE + adj. / adv(daøi) + THAN
3/ Superlative Degree
(So saùnh nhaát)
 THE + adj. / adv(ngaén) + EST
 THE MOST + adj. / adv(daøi)
Examples:
 	1/ a) You are as tall as I am. (=me)
	 b) John doesn’t work as/so effectively as Tom