Ngữ pháp và bài tập dạng Viết lại câu Tiếng Anh 7

ä Sentence Transformation:
1/ Câu so sánh:
1/
 adj. / adv + ER 
 A + V + _______________ + THAN + B
 MORE + adj. /adv
« B + V not + SO / AS + adj. /adv  AS + A 
 adj. / adv(phaûn nghóa) + ER 
« B + V + ___________________________ + THAN + A
 MORE + adj. /adv(phaûn nghóa)
Ex: Betty is younger than Susan.
« Susan is not so young as Betty.
 ( «Susan is older than Betty.)
2/ 
 adj. + ER 
 A + be + a(an) + ___________ + n + THAN + B
 MORE + adj.
« B + V not + SO /AS + adv + AS + A
Ex: He is a more careful driver than I am.
«I don’t drive so carefully as he does.
 (=as him)
3/
S + has/have + never/not + V3 + such + a(an) + adj. + n (before)
 adj. + est
«This is the + ___________ + n + (that) + S + has/have + (ever) V3
 most + adj.
Ex: He has never watched such an exciting match before.
 « This is the most exciting match he’s ever watched.
4/
 adj. + er
 No one / Nobody + place + be + _________ + than + A
 more + adj.
 adj. + est
« A + be + the + __________ + place
 most + adj
 Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom.
 « Tom is the strongest in the village.
2/ CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH SANG QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN (VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI)
Dạng này có các mẫu sau đây:
1. S + HTHT (phủ định) + for + thời gian
     It’s + thời gian .+ since + last + QKĐ (khẳng định)
Ex:-  I haven’t seen my father for one month. 
      – >It is one month since I last saw my father.
Tom hasn’t had his hair cut for over three months. 
     –> It is three months since Tom last had his hair cut. 
It's ten years since I last met him. (đã 10 năm từ khi tôi gặp anh ta lần cuối)
=> I haven't met him for ten years. (tôi đã không gặp anh ta 10 năm rồi)
 Mẫu này có dạng:
Lần cuối cùng làm chuyện đó là khi ....
=> ..không làm chuyện đó từ khi ....
Last : lần cuối
Since : từ khi
2. S + HTHT (phủ định) + before
     It’s + the first time + S + HTHT (khẳng định)
Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before. 
    – It is the first time I have met that man here.
      It is the first time I have read this book. 
    – I haven’t read this book before.
- This is the first time I have seen him (đây là lần đầu tôi thấy anh ta)
=> I have never seen him before. (tôi chưa bao giờ thấy anh ta trước đây)
Mẫu này có dạng:
Đây là lần đầu tiên ... làm chuyện đó
=> ...chưa bao giờ làm chuyện đó trước đây.
The first time: lần đầu tiên
Never ...before : chưa bao giờ trước đây
 3. S + HTHT (khẳng định) + for + thời gian
    - S + began / started + V-ing + thời gian + ago
Ex: I have worked here for ten years. 
     – I began working here ten years ago.
      It started raining two days ago.   
     – It has rained for two days.
I started / begun studying English 3 years ago. (tôi bắt đầu học TA cách đây 3 năm)
=> I have studied English for 3 years. ( tôi học TA được 3 năm )
Mẫu này có dạng:
...bắt đầu làm gì đó cách đây + khoảng thời gian
=> .. đã làm chuyện đó for + khoảng thời gian
Nếu không có ago mà có when + mệnh đề thì giử nguyên mệnh đề chỉ đổi when thành since thôi
4. -  S + HTHT (phủ định) + since / for + ..
   - S + last + QKĐ (khẳng định) + when + mệnh đề
   - The last time + S + QKĐ (khẳng định) + was + thời gian
Ex: I haven’t heard him since August. 
     – The last time I heard him was in August.
      I haven’t seen him since I left school. 
     – I last saw him when I left school.                                                                   
I last saw him when I was a student. (lần cuồi cùng tôi thấy anh ta là khi tôi là SV)
=> I haven't seen him since I was a student. (tôi đã không thấy anh ta từ khi tôi là SV)
The last time she went out with him was two years ago. (lần cuối cô ta đi chơi với anh ta cách đây 2 năm)
=> She hasn't gone out with him for two years.( cô ta đã không đi chơi với anh ta đã 2 năm nay )
Mẫu này có dạng:
Đã ..khoảng thời gian từ khi làm gì đó lần cuối
=> ..không làm việc đó được + khoảng thời gian
Lần cuối cùng làm chuyện đó là khi ....
=> ..không làm chuyện đó từ khi ....
Last : lần cuối
Since : từ khi
6. When + did + S + V..?
 How long + have/has + S + Vpp?
When did you buy it ? ( bạn đã mua nó khi nào ?
=> How long have you bought ? ( bạn đã mua nó được bao lâu ? )
Mẫu này có dạng:
when: thì dùng quá khứ đơn
How long: thì dùng hiện tại hoàn thànhViết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa:
Exercise:
1) This is the first time he went abroad.
=> He hasn't.................................................................................................
2) She started driving 1 month ago.
=> She has....................................................................................................
3) We began eating when it started to rain.
=> We have...................................................................................................
4) I last had my hair cut when I left her.
=> I haven't....................................................................................................
5) The last time she kissed me was 5 months ago.
=> She hasn't.................................................................................................
6) It is a long time since we last met.
=> We haven't................................................................................................
7) When did you have it ?
=> How long .................................................................................................?
8) This is the first time I had such a delicious meal .
=> I haven't..................................................................................................
9) I haven't seen him for 8 days.
=> The last ..................................................................................................
10) I haven't taken a bath since Monday.
=> It is .........................................................................................................
11. We last went to London two years ago.
à We -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
à It’s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
à The last time -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. This is the first time I have visited Hanoi.
 	à I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. I began learning English five years ago.
à I have ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. I last saw her in 2010.
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. I started working for this company a year ago.
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. I last read that book on November 20th. 
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. I have never eaten with knives and folks before.
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. It is 10 years since I last visited Dalat.
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. She hasn’t phoned home for two weeks.
	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. Mr. Brown bought this car five years ago.
A. Mr. Brown started to buy this car five years ago.
B. It has been five years when Mr. Brown bought this car
C. Mr. Brown has had this car for five years .
D. It is five years ago since Mr. Brown bought this car.
22. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
A. It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.
B. It’s years since I have enjoyed myself so much.
C. It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much.
D. It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much.
23. We started working here three years ago.
A. We worked here for three years.
B. We have no longer worked here for three years.
C. We have worked here for three years.
D. We will work here in three years.
24. It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema.
A. We have been to the cinema for a long time.
B. We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time.
C. We don’t go to the cinema as we used to.
D. We wish we went to the cinema now.
25. I haven’t finished this book yet.
A. I’m still reading this book.
B. I have read this book before.
C. The book I’m reading hasn’t finished.
D. I will read this book some day.
26. He last had his eyes tested ten months ago.
A. He hasn’t had his eyes tested for ten months .
B. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then.
C. He had tested his eyes ten months before.
D. He didn’t have any test on his eyes in ten months.
3/ Câu bị động:
CÁCH CHUYỂN ĐỔI HÌNH THỨC ĐỘNG TỪ CỦA MỘT SỐ THÌ
TENSES
ACTIVE FORM
PASSIVE FORM
Simple present
V1 / Vs(es)
Am / is / are + V3/-ed
Present continuous
Am / is / are + V-ing
Am / is / are + being + V3/-ed
Present perfect
Has / have + P.P
Has / have + been + V3/-ed
Simple past
V2 / V-ed
Was / were + V3/-ed
Past continuous
Was / were + V-ing
Was / were + being + V3/-ed
Past perfect
Had + P.P
Had + been + V3/-ed
Simple future
Will / shall + V1
Will / shall + be + V3/-ed
Future perfect
Will/ shall + have + P.P
Will / shall + have + been + V3/-ed
Modal verbs
Can/ could/ shall / might + V1
Can/ could/ shall / might + be +V3/-ed
Note: 
- Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + O; trạng từ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + O
- Nếu chủ từ trong câu chủ động là từ phủ định thì đổi sang câu bị động phủ định.
- Các chủ từ someone, anyone, people, he, she, they  trong câu chủ động thì có thể bỏ “by + O” trong câu bị động
Exercise: Change the following sentences into passive voice
1. Sam killed a lion last week.
2. You must hand in your report before the end of this month.
3. I had just finished the job when the factory closed.
4. No one has opened that box for the past hundred years.
5. Are you going to mail these letters soon?
6. He should have finished the report yesterday.
________________________________________________________
7. Nobody has answered my question properly.
	___________________________________________________
8. They are going to build a new school in this area.
_________________________________________________________
9. We have bought a lot of vegetables
____________________________________________________________
10. He has to clean the house before having lunch.
______________________________________________________________ 
11. Bill will invite Ann to the party.
- Ann..
12. I didn't write that letter.
- That letter
13. Hundreds of people visit the White House everyday.
- The White House.
14. Everyone doesn't know this fact very well.
- This fact.
15. Do you wash the dishes everyday?
- Are?
16. Shakespeare wrote that play.
- That play
17. Does Jackson give that lecture?
- Is ?
18. They will send you the money at the end of the month.
- You.
19. People speak Spanish in many countries.
- Spanish
20. The children often read stories in the evening.
- Stories.
21. Alice didn't make that cake.
- That cake.
22. Does he often clean the windows?
- Are.?
23. She doesn't grow any trees in her garden.
- Trees ..
4/ Câu điều kiện:
Loại 1: điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If clause
Main clause
S + V1 / V s(es)
 (don’t / doesn’t + V1)
S + will / can/ may + V1
 (won’t / can’t + V1)
Loại 2: điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại
If clause
Main clause
S + V-ed / V2
 (didn’t + V1)
To be: were / weren’t
S + would / could / should + V1
 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1)
Loại 3: điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ
If clause
Main clause
S + had + P.P
 (hadn’t + P.P)
S + would / could / should + have + P.P
 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P)
Chú ý khi viết lại câu: 
	1/ Viết câu tình huống thành câu điều kiện:
Câu tình huống
Câu điều kiện
Thì tương lai
Loại 1
Thì hiện tại
Loại 2
Thì quá khứ
Loại 3
Ex: 
You ask the teacher this question. He will answer you.
	à If you ask the teacher this question, he will answer you.
He doesn’t have enough money, so he can’t buy a new computer.
	à If he had enough money, he could buy a new computer.
We didn’t go out because it rained.
	à If it hadn’t rained, we could have gone out. 
	2/ Đổi từ if sang unless:
IF
UNLESS
Khẳng định
Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định)
Phủ định
Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi)
Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. 
 Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.
 If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam. 
 Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam.
	3/ Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + clause
à If you don’t + V1, Clause
à If you aren’t + adj. , Clause 
Ex: Be careful or you will cut yourself. 
 à If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself. 
 Go away or I will call the police. 
	à If I you don’t go away, I will phone the police.
EXERCISE
Rewrite the following sentences.
Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying..
If Carol 
Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.
If Rita 
She’s very thin; perhaps that’s why she feels cold so much.
If she .
He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart
If he ..
He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car
If he ..
My house is guarded by two big dogs. That’s the only reason it isn’t broken into every night
If my house 
The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.
If the flats ....
I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you
If I .
She works in the evening. She has no time to play with her children
If she .
I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what happened.
They ..
I am not tall enough to join the basketball team
If I 
He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car
If he .
Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well
If Peter 
Mary doesn’t have enough money. She can’t buy a new car.
If Mary 
Go right now or you’ll be late for the train.
If you.
He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough qualifications.
If he .
Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam.
If we 
They do not understand you because you do not often talk to them.
If you 
Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you.
If you 
20. Keep silent or you will wake the baby up.
 If --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. She didn’t come to the party because she was busy.
	If -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. She will help you. You tell her.
	If ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. Because he didn’t study hard, he failed the exam.
	If ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. I was stuck in the traffic jam; that’s why I came late.
	If -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. I don’t have his phone number, so I can’t phone him.
	If ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. “I couldn’t have made it without your help” means
 A. I couldn’t have made it if you helped me.
 B. I couldn’t have made it if you had helped me.
 C. I couldn’t have made it if you hadn’t helped me.
 D. I couldn’t have made it if you didn’t help me.
27. She didn’t stop her car because shi didn’t see the signal.
 A. If she saw the signal, she would stop her car.
 B. If she had seen the signal, she would stop her car.
 C. If she had seen the signal, she would have stopped her car.
 D. If she saw the signal, she would have stopped her car.
28. His flight was delayed so he couldn’t be here on time.
 A. He would be here in time if his flight were not delayed.
 B. He would have been here in time if his flight hadn’t been delayed.
 C. He would be here in time if his flight hadn’t been delayed.
 D. He would have been here in time if his flight weren’t delayed.
29. Without your help, I couldn’t overcome the problem.
 A. If you don’t help me, I can’t overcome the problem.
 B. If you didn’t help me, I couldn’t overcome the problem.
 C. If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t overcome the problem.
 D. If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have overcome the problem.
30. Thanks to Laura’s report, I was able to finish the project.
 A. If there isn’t Laura’s report, I wouldn’t finish the project.
 B. Had it not been for Laura’s report, I wouldn’t have been to finish the project.
 C. If Laura didn’t help me, I wouldn’t finish the project.
 D. I wouldn’t have finished the project if Laura didn’t help me.