Giáo án chuyên đề tiếng Anh - Subjunctive clauses

F. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES
1. The use of “as if/ as though”	(Cã nghÜa lµ : d­êng nh­ lµ, nh­ thÓ lµ) MÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau 2 thµnh ng÷ nµy th­êng hay ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc vµ chia lµm 2 thêi:
a. The present sense: NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tr­íc chia ë simple present th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau ph¶i chia ë simple past, ®éng tõ to be sÏ ph¶i chia ë lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
 S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past)
Eg.	The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter.)
 	HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study modelling) 
 	 HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)
 	 HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
b. The past sense: NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tr­íc chia ë simple past th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 ph¶i chia ë past perfect.
 S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect) 
Eg.	Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.	(She didn’t win the grand prize.)
 Past simple past perfect
 Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (She didn’t see a ghost.)
 Past simple past perfect
He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles.)
 Past simple past perfect
C¶ 2 d¹ng chia ®ã sau as if ®Òu diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc.
L­u ý: Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nÕu ®iÒu kiÖn lµ cã thËt th× 2 c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®­îc tu©n theo. §éng tõ l¹i trë vÒ d¹ng b×nh th­êng theo diÔn biÕn cña c©u. Eg.	He looks as if he has finish the test.
2. The use of with and hope: Hai ®éng tõ nµy tuy ®ång nghÜa nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p. 
+ §»ng sau ®éng tõ to hope lµ mét c©u diÔn biÕn b×nh th­êng.
Eg.	I hope that they will come. ( I don’t know if they are coming.)	( T«i hy väng lµ hä sÏ tíi.)
We hope that they came yesterday. ( We don’t know if they came.)
+ Nh­ng ®éng tõ to wish l¹i ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã ph¶i lµ mét ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc. §iÒu kiÖn nµy chia lµm 3 thêi.
a. The future sense: §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau sÏ ph¶i lµ Would / could + verb hoÆc were + Ving.
S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-ing
Subject* : cã thÓ lµ cïng hoÆc kh¸c chñ ng÷ víi chñ ng÷ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Eg.	We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop.)
She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)
b. The present sense: §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 sÏ chia ë simple past. §éng tõ to be ph¶i chia lµm were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past ...
Eg.	I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I don’t have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
c. The past sense: §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau sÏ ph¶i chia ë Past perfect hoÆc Could have + P2
S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P2
Eg.	I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldn’t be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didn’t have more time.)
L­u ý: 	§éng tõ wish chØ cã thÓ ¶nh h­ëng ®Õn mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau nã b»ng c¸ch buéc mÖnh ®Ò ®ã ph¶i ë ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc. Nh­ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®ã ë thêi nµo l¹i do thêi gian cña mÖnh ®Ò ®ã quyÕt ®Þnh kh«ng hÒ phô thuéc vµo thêi cña ®éng tõ to wish.
Eg.	He wished that he could come to the party next week.
 Qu¸ khø §iÒu kiÖn ë t­¬ng lai	 T­¬ng lai
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
 Qu¸ khø	 ®iÒu kiÖn ë hiÖn t¹i	 hiÖn t¹i
	- Ph¶i ph©n biÖt víi to wish ë d¹ng c©u nµy víi nghÜa ­íc g×, mong g× víi to wish trong mÉu c©u sau:
to wish somebody something
Eg.	I wish you a happy birthday.
3. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt - §ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ h¬i biÕn ®æi nÕu ®éng tõ ®»ng sau t©n ng÷ cña nã lµ mét nguyªn thÓ bá to hay verbing.
 hear
to watch somebody do something = Hµnh ®éng trän vÑn tõ ®Çu tíi cuèi.
 see
 hear
to watch somebody doing something = Hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh nhÊt thêi, kh«ng trän vÑn.
 see
eg. 	I didn’t hear the telephone ring. I didn’t hear the telephone ringing. I see her sing./ I see her singing.
4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh ®Æc biÖt víi c¸c ®éng, tÝnh, danh tõ:
a. §éng tõ. Lµ lo¹i c©u mµ ng­êi thø nhÊt muèn ng­êi thø 2 lµm mét viÖc g× cho m×nh, nh­ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn tuú thuéc vµo phÝa ng­êi thø 2. B¶ng mét sè ®éng tõ b¾t buéc ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh.
advise
ask
command
decree
demand
insist
move
Order
prefer
propose
recommend
request
require
stipulate
suggest
urge
- Trong c©u nhÊt ®Þnh ph¶i cã that. - §éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to.
S1 + verb + that + S 2+ [verb in simple form] ...
Eg. We urge that he leave now. NÕu bá that ®i chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ trë thµnh t©n ng÷, ®éng tõ trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to, c©u sÏ mÊt ®i ý nghÜa gi¶ ®Þnh vµ trë thµnh c©u b×nh th­êng.
Eg. 	We urge him to leave now. 
L­u ý : Trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Anh (British English), tr­íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ bá to cã should. Nh­ng trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Mü (American English) ng­êi ta bá nã ®i.
Mét sè vÝ dô: The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./ Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
b. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi tÝnh tõ: C¸c tÝnh tõ dïng trong c©u gi¶ ®Þnh gåm c¸c tÝnh tõ trong b¶ng d­íi ®©y.
advised
important
mandatory
necessary
obligatory
proposed
recommended
required
suggested
urgent
imperative
Trong c«ng thøc sau, adjective chØ ®Þnh mét trong c¸c tÝnh tõ cã trong b¶ng trªn.
It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ]...
 ( any tense)
Mét sè vÝ dô: It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question./ It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
c. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi danh tõ: Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cã thÓ dïng danh tõ t­¬ng øng víi c¸c tÝnh tõ ë trªn theo c«ng thøc sau.
It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ]...
 ( any tense)
Eg. It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
d. Dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c: C©u gi¶ ®Þnh cßn dïng ®­îc trong mét sè c©u c¶m th¸n, th­êng bao hµm c¸c thÕ lùc siªu nhiªn.
Eg. God save the queen !. Chóa phï hé cho n÷ hoµng. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog !: chÕt tiÖt con cãc nµy. 
- Dïng víi mét sè thµnh ng÷: Come what may: dï cã chuyÖn g× ®i n÷a.
Eg. Come what may we will stand by you. If need be : nÕu cÇn
Eg. If need be we can take another road.
- Dïng víi if this be trong tr­êng hîp muèn nªu ra mét gi¶ ®Þnh tõ phÝa ng­êi nãi nh­ng kh«ng thËt ch¾c ch¾n l¾m vÒ kh¶ n¨ng.
Eg. 	If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
e. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it is time
It is time (for sb) to do st : ®· ®Õn lóc ph¶i lµm g×. (thêi gian võa vÆn, kh«ng ®­a ra gi¶ ®Þnh)
Eg. It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). Nh­ng:
It is time
It is high time subject + simple past (®· ®Õn lóc – gi¶ ®Þnh thêi gian ®Õn trÔ mét chót)
It is about time
NhËn xÐt: High/ about ®­îc dùng tr­íc time ®Ó thªm vµo ý nhÊn m¹nh.
Eg. It’s high time I left for the airport. (it is a little bit late)