Giáo án chuyên đề tiếng Anh - Special cases

SPECIAL CASES:
* Những động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn	Đó là những động từ trong bảng sau:
Nội động từ
rise/ lie/ sit
rose/ lay/ sat
risen/ lain/ sat
rising/ lying/ sitting
Các động từ này rất dễ gây nhầm lẫn về mặt ngữ nghĩa, chính tả hoặc phát âm, cần phân biệt chúng bằng ngữ cảnh trong các câu cụ thể.
Ngoại động từ
raise/ lay/ set
raised/ laid/ set
raised/ laid/ set
raising/ laying/ setting
TO RISE - từ dâng lên (động từ này không cần tân ngữ)
Eg. 	The sun rises early in the summer./ When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats.
When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top./ Jim rose early so that he could play golf.
It must be late; the moon has risen./ Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.
TO RAISE (sb, st) - Nâng ai, cái gì lên - Động từ đòi hỏi 1 tân ngữ.
Eg. 	The students raise their hands in class./ The weighlifter raises the barbell over it’s head.
The crane raised the car out of the lake./ After studying very hard, John raised his grades greatly.
Mr. Daniels has raised his tenants’ rent another fifteen dollars.
The OPEC have raised the price of oil.
TO LIE: ở tại , nằm. - to lie in: ở tại nơi nào./ - to lie down: nằm xuống/ - to lie on: nằm trên.
Động từ này rất dễ nhầm lẫn với to lie (nói dối) phải phân biệt nó với to lie trong mẫu câu: to lie to sb.
Eg. The university lies in the Western section of town./ If they are tired, they should lie down for a nap.
Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.
( trong câu này hành động sunbath xảy ra song song với việc nằm trên bãi biển nên dùng sunbathing - như phần lý thuyết ở trên đã trình bày)
The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.
( 2 hành động nằm và xem xảy ra đồng thời nên dùng watching....)
Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.
That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.
TO LAY (st, sb): đặt, để ai đó, cái gì lên trên bề mặt
- to lay on: đặt trên.	- to lay in: đặt vào.	- to lay down: đặt xuống.
Lưu ý: Nguyên thể và hiện tại của động từ này rất dễ nhầm lẫn với thời quá khứ của động từ to lie, cần phân biệt chúng theo ngữ cảnh.
Eg. Don’t lay your clothes on the bed./ The boy lays his books on the table every day.
The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered.
= The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering.
The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them.
The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang.
The nurse laid the baby in crib.
TO SIT: ngồi - to sit in: ngồi trong, ngồi ở./ - to sit on: ngồi trên./ - to sit down: ngồi xuống.
Eg. 	We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera./ Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool.
Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio./ After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off.
Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has.
They have sat in the same position for 2 hours.
Lưu ý: Không được nhầm lẫn động từ này với to seat ( có sức chứa, có chỗ ngồi)
Eg. This studium can seat 100.000 people.
TO SET: đặt để ( tương đương với to put). Động từ này rất dễ lẫn phát âm vói simple past của to sit ( sat).
Eg. 	The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night.
The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch.
The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow.
After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.
Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt.
No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out.
** Một số thành ngữ dùng với các động từ này.
- to lay off (workers, employees) - Dãn thợ, cho nghỉ bớt, cho tạm nghỉ.
- to set (broken bone) in: bó xương gẫy vào trong ...
- to set one’s arlam for + time: để đồng hồ báo thức vào lúc. 
Eg. I set my alarm for 6 am everyday.
- to set fire to (st): làm cháy. Eg. While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa.
- to raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trồng cây, nuôi gia súc để kiếm sống.
Eg. 	That farmer raises chickens for a living.
*** Một số động từ đặc biệt khác.
- agree to do st ( Đồng ý làm gì) - agree to sb’s doing st (Đồng ý với việc làm gì của ai).
Eg. He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning.
- mean to do st: có ý định làm gì. Eg. I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise.
- It means doing st: bao gồm cả việc làm gì.
Eg. He is determined to get ticket for Saturday’s game if it means standing in the line all night.
- propose to do st: có ý định làm gì. Eg. I propose to start tomorrow.
- propose doing st: Đề nghị làm gì. Eg: I proposed waiting until the police came.
- go on doing st: Tiếp tục làm việc gì ( đang bị bỏ dở) Eg. He goes on talking about his accident.
- go on to do st: Tiếp tục làm gì (vẫn cùng một chủ đề nhưng chuyển sang một khía cạnh khác).
Eg. 	He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip.
He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about it’s climate.
- try to do st: cố gắng làm gì. Eg. He tries to improve his English.	- try doing st: thử làm gì.
Eg. They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the livestock.
Either infinitives or gerunds:
1.1. stop:	a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)
e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking)
stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) e.g. He stops smoking (He no longer smokes)
1.2. try: a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)
e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)
 try + gerunds (= to experience)
e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)
1.3. remember:
remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task)
e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door)
remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)
e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door)
1.4. forget:
forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task) e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food)
forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)
e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember)
1.5. regret:
regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)
e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)
regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)
e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done)
Would:
conditional sentences:
e.g. If I were you, I would agree to come. He would have passed if he had known the rules well.
past habits: e.g. I would sing romantic songs when I was young. She would cry when she was too sad.
Used to: past habit not happen at present e.g. She used to walk to school.
Be (get) used to:
get used to (= be acquainted with) e.g. She has got used to walking to office. 
be used to (be familiar to) e.g. He was used to walking to office.
Would rather V1 than V2:
5.1. would rather (not) + V: e.g. She’d rather go to the meeting. We would rather not mention that case.
5.2. would rather + O (not) + p. V:
e.g. I’d rather him brought there some cakes. She would rather her husband not joined the army.
Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns:
6.1. prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:e.g. She preferred walking to driving. She liked walking/ to walk.
6.2. would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives: e.g. She’d prefer to walk. She would like to walk.
Could/ may/ might: possibility/ maybe = perhaps
7.1. in conditional sentences: e.g. If it rains, we may cancel the trip. 
 We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.
7.2. uncertain speculation: e.g. It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow. It will possibly rain tomorrow.
7.3. perhaps/ maybe: e.g. Perhaps he won’t come. Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
Should:
8.1. command; request; obligation: e.g. You should study harder. / She should bring along an umbrella.
8.2. an expectation/ a wish: e.g. My letter should arrive next week.
Speculations/ deduction:
9.1. could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility e.g. It may have rained last night./ He might have gone.
9.2. should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions e.g. He should have done his homework. 
9.3. must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events e.g. (She passed the exam). She must have studied hard.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 8 – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH 8
Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.
1. Columbus ______ America in 1492.
 	A. invented 	B. found 	C. discovered 	D. saw
2. A driver is a person who ______.
 	A. drives a car 	B. sells cars 	C. has a car 	D. makes cars
3. A singer is a person who ______.
 	A. composes music 	B. writes songs 	C. sings well 	D. drives well
4. Most of the ______ in my school are under 30 years old.
 	A. teachers 	B. workers 	C. artists 	D. farmers
5. Darwin, ______ was an English physiologist, was born in 1809 and died in 1882.
 	A. which 	B. that 	C. who 	D. where
6. Is there anything ______ I can do for you ?
 	A. where 	B. that 	C. who 	D. which
7. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn ______ Twain’s best works.
 A. consider 	B. considered 	C. is considered 	D. are considered
8. He is working ______ a taxi-driver.
 	A. at 	B. as 	C. to 	D. in
9. A person who spends his/her whole life writing books is a ______.
 	A. writer 	B. teacher 	C. singer 	D. worker
10. G. Washington, ______ was the first president of the USA, was born in 1732 and died in 1799.
 	A. that 	B. who 	C. where 	D. which 
11. He dropped the vase and it broke ______ pieces.
 A. into 	B. down 	C. off 	D. in
12. When we travel in the streets, pay attention to traffic______. 
 A. sighs 	B. sights 	C. scenes 	 D. signs	
13. I am on a diet. I want to______ .
 A. over weighted 	B. lose weight 	C. gain weight 	D. get fatter
14. Faraday is the great ______of all time.
 A. scientific 	B. scientism 	C. scientist 	D. science
15. Mathematics______ an important part in our lives.
 A. lets 	B. plays 	C. applies 	D. lays
16. The driver stopped______ a coffee because he felt sleepy.
 A. have 	B. to have 	C. having 	D. had
17. Have you ever considered______ a pharmacist ?
 A .to become 	B. become 	C. became 	D. becoming
18. I would rather ______ at home than ______ out with him.
 A. stay/ go 	B. staying/going 	C. stayed/went 	D. to stay/to go
19. She suggested ______ a break for a while.
 A. took 	B. take 	C. taking 	D. taken
20. It is likely that everybody ______ at the age of 45.
 A. retires 	B. retired 	C. are retiring 	D. will retire
21. ______ the water clock, Newton also made a sundial.
	A. On	B. After	C. Besides	D. Before
22. M. Curie, _____ discovered radium, was a famous French physicist.
	A. whom	B. who	C. that	D. whose
23. Newton’s first physical experiment was _____ out in 1658.
	A. carried	B. made	C. taken	D. done
24. Jane Eyre, which ______ by Charlotte Bronte, is one of my favorite novels.
	A. wrote	B. written	C. was written	D. writes
25. the _____ of the steam engine made J. Watt famous throughout the world.
	A. invent	B. inventive	C. invention	D. inventor
26. M. Faraday didn’t have much ______ when he was young.
	A. school	B. scholar	C. schooled	D. schooling
27. A person who studies biology is a ______ . 
	A. scientist	B. physicist	C. biologist	D. mathematician
28. Einstein, _____ study of the theory of relativity made him famous, was a German physicist.
	A. whose	B. whom	C. who	D. by whom
29. Most of the experiments are carried out in ______. 
	A. schools	B. libraries	C. factories	D. laboratories
30. He was very good _____ mathematics when he was at school.
	A. on	B. of 	C. at	D. for
31. The steam engine was _____ by J. Watt.
	A. discovered	B. invented	C. cured	D. made
32. When he grew older, he became _____ in mathematics and physics.
	A. interested	B. interest	C. interesting	D. interests
33. That’s the house ______ uncle Ho was born.
	A. which	B. where	C. of which	D. that
34. Darwin was the father of the theory of _____ . 
	A. relativity	B. gravitation	C. evolution	D. electricity
35. When ______ , Newton was more of a mechanic than a scholar.
	A. he was young	B. was young	C. be young	D. he is young
36. He was not interested in physics _____ he grew older.
	A. when	B. and	C. even	D. until
37. He died ______ the age of 85.
	A. for	B. at	C. in	D. about
38. Faraday’s father worked very _____, but he could ____ feed the family.
	A. hard/ hard	B. hardly/ hard	C. hard/ hardly	D. hardly/ hardly
39. It was Professor H. Davy’s lectures _____ helped Faraday a lot in his later discoveries.
	A. that	B. which	C. who	D. whose
40. Scientists and doctors haven’t found the ____ for AIDS.
	A. curable	B. curability	C. cure	D. curing
41. Gravity is the force of the earth to ______ everything towards its center.
A. attractive 	B. attract 	C. attraction 	D. distract
42. He’ll go with us ______ it rains.
A. if 	B. when 	C. as long as 	D. unless
43 We could visit Mercury – an outer space planet - in a ______.
A. spaceship 	B. ship 	C. plane 	D. train
44. Mercury can be seen______ after sunrise ______ soon after sunset.
A. neither /nor 	B. either /or 	C. not only /but also 	D. none of A, B and C 
45. You won’t pass your driving test unless you drive more ______.
A. carelessly 	B. dangerously 	C. A or B 	D. carefully
46. The sea lever will rise if the ice on the poles ______ to melt.
A. began 	B. begin 	C. start D. begins
47. A journey which takes place every month is a ______ journey.
A. daily 	B. weekly 	C. monthly D yearly
48. ______ you phone me when you come to England?
A. Do 	B. Have 	C. Will D. Would
49. Liverpool won’t win unless they begin ______ better.
A. playing 	B. played 	C. having played 	D. play
50. Life will be destroyed ______ all our sources end.
A. as long as B. unless 	C. if 	D. whether