Giáo án Chuyên đề Tiếng Anh Phần III - Parts of speech – bộ phận ngôn ngữ (từ vựng)

PHẦN III - PARTS OF SPEECH – BỘ PHẬN NGÔN NGỮ (TỪ VỰNG)
I. NOUNS (N): DANH TỪ
Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements 
 (dùng để gọi tên sự vật, hiện tượng)
Functions: (chức năng)
 Subject (S)(chủ ngữ): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
 Object (O)(tân ngữ): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
 Complement (C)(bổ ngữ): Make the complementation (She was a famous singer)
 Compounds (Co)(danh từ ghép): summer holiday, birthday cakes,
 Possessive cases (Pc)(dạng sở hữu cách): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,
 Noun phrases (Np)(cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds
Plural forms: dạng thức biến đổi số nhiều
 3.1. Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ, đọc /s/ và /z/
a table
tables
a dog
dogs
an apple
apples
a student
students
an orange
oranges
an umbrella
umbrellas
a house
houses
a cat
cats
an egg
eggs
 3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ or /z/ sound: thêm ‘es’
a bus
buses
a potato
potatoes
a class
classes
a dish
dishes
a box
boxes
a wish
wishes
a watch
watches
a tomato
tomatoes
a torch
torches
 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: them ‘ies’
singular
plural
Singular
plural
a lorry
lorries
a lady
ladies
a story
stories
a baby
babies
Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”: đổi ‘f’, ‘fe’ thành ‘ves’
singular
plural
Singular
plural
a wife
wives
a leaf
leaves
a knife
knives
a loaf
loaves
Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc
singular
plural
singular
plural
Singular
plural
a man
men
a louse
lice
a woman
women
a child
children
a medium
media
an ox
oxen
a tooth
teeth
a mouse
mice
a goose
geese
Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít hoặc số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít hoặc nhiều.
Always plural form-nouns: luôn tồn tại dưới hình thức số nhiều.
clothes
police
breeches
Pants
pyjamas
trousers
scissors
pliers (kìm)
binoculars
glasses
scales
shears (kéo cắt cỏ)
arms
damages
earnings
goods
greens (vegetable)
outskirts
savings
pains (trouble, effort)
spirits
surroundings
stairs
valuables
athletics
ethics
mathematics
physics
politics
Unchanged the names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi.
Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – hình thức số nhiều nhưng sử dụng như số ít.
Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được
 4.1. Substances: vật chất
bread
beer
cloth
coffee
cream
Ice
sand
wood
wine
paper
dust
gin
glass
gold
soap
Stone
water
jam
oil
tea
 4.2. Abstract nouns: danh từ không đếm được
advice
beauty
courage
death
experience
information
suspicion
fear
help
hope
horror
knowledge
mercy
pity
relief
Others: một số danh từ khác
baggage
camping
damage
Furniture
luggage
parking
shopping
work
Weather
Notes: Particular sense of uncountable nouns: một số danh từ không đếm được lại có mạo từ
a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history)
a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + (He had a great love for funny stories)
a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)
a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that
 no one will agree to help.
Compound nouns: danh từ ghép
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;..
5.4. Free combination: sự kết hợp tự do
 - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;
 - city street; corner shop; country lane; 
 - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; 
 - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;/ - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;
 - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; / - football match; beauty contest; pop music;
Suffixes: các hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ.
6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, aP.Plicant, employee,
6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/: neighborhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,..
6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behavior, difficulty,
II. VERBS (V)
Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
Classification: phân loại động từ
2.1. Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ
2.1.1. Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be
 going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/(These are sometimes functional verbs)
2.2. Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa
2.2.1. Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
2.2.2. Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful)
2.2.3. Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without
 any complementation. e.g. She cried (noisily). It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs)
2.2.4. Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.
Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).
e.g. She bought flowers. Ann met her fiance’ yesterday.
Di-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects. (S+V+O+O)
e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets for me)
 They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me)
Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g. He made me angry. 
Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ
3.1. en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
 e.g. danger.to endanger wide....to widen rich..to enrich
 courageto encourage lengthto lengthen broad ..to broaden 
3.2. ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify) 
 e.g. modernto modernize industrial.to industrialize minimum.to minimize
 maximum.to maximize capital..to capitalize natural..to naturalize 
Sentence models:
4.1
S + V-intrans
They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2
S + V-monotrans + O
He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella.
4.3
S + V-in/ extensive + Cs
He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.
4.4
S + V-intrans + A
He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5
S + V-ditrans + O + O
She buys me presents/ That brings my father success. 
4.6
S + V-complex trans + O + C
The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.
4.7
S + V-intrans + A + A
She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early morning.